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A/V:  Audio/visual support such as television, monitors, radios, or taped music.

ADVANCED WAREHOUSE:  Service contractor facility designated for warehouse received prior to the tradeshow move-in date.

AGENT:  Any bonafide representative with proper credentials from the party represented.

AIRFREIGHT:  Materials shipped via airplane.

AIR WAYBILL:  A bill of lading (B/L)which covers both domestic and international flights transporting goods to a specified destination.

AISLE:  Area for audience traffic movement.

AISLE CARPET:  Carpeting laid in the aisles.

AISLE SIGNS:  Signs, usually suspended,indicating aisle numbers or letters.

ANCHORS:  Devices used to stabilize operating equipment. Involved drilling into the floor.

ARCH:  A display ceiling which spans two points.

ASSEMBLY:  The process of erecting display component parts into a complete exhibit.

ASSOCIATION:  An organziation of people sharing a common interest.

ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT:  Union contract negotiated by a group of employers through an employer's association with the union representing their employees.

AT-SITE:  Location of event or exhibit. More commonly called on-site.

AUDIT:  A verification of attendance figures submitted by show organizer. Can be done internally, but more likely to be conducted by an independent firm.

AV CONTRACTOR:  Official supplier of audiovisual equipment and services.

BACK-LIGHT:  A light source which illuminates any transparent or translucent material from behind.

BACK WALL:  The back wall (either hard wall or draped) of a perimeter, booth/exhibit, or inline.

BADGE:  Supplied to attendees or exhibitors to allow access to the show or convention.

BASE:  Steel floor support piece for upright post.

BILL OF LADING (B/L):  A commercial shipping document that establishes the terms of a contract between a shipper and a transportation company under which freight is to be moved between specified points for a specified charge. Usually prepared by the exhibitor on forms issued by the offical general contractor, it serves as a document of title, a contract of carriage, and a receipt of goods.

BLOW-UP:  The enlargement of a two dimensional item by photography.

BLUEPRINT:  A mechanical drawing of booth layout, construction, and specifications.

BONE YARD:  The contractor's on-site area where extra inventory and sometimes empty cartons are stored during exposition. Also known as dumb.

BOOTH:  One or more standard units of exhibit space. A standard unit is generally known to be a 10' x 10' space. However, if an exhibitor purchases multiple units side-by-side or back-to-back, the combined space is also still referred to as "a booth."

BOOTH AREA:  The amount of floor space occupied by an exhibitor.

BOOTH DRAPE:  Back wall and side drapes provided by management.

BOOTH NUMBER:  Number designated by show management for each exhibitors space.

BOOTH PACKAGE:  Show management provides furniture and/or services to exhibitors for a single fee. (See package plan).

BOOTH PERSONNEL:  Staff assigned to represent exhibitor in assigned space.

BOOTH SIGN:  Sign usually stating name, city, state, and booth number of exhibitor.

BOOTH SIZE:  Dimensions of assigned space.

BUILDING RULES:  Regulations by building management, outlining procedures in their property.

CANCELLATION OR INTERRUPTION INSURANCE:  Insurance that protects a show organizer against financial loss or expenses incurred when contractually specified "perils" necessitate canceling or relocating show, or cause a reduction in attendence.

CANPOY:  An overhead projecting cover.

CANVAS:  Material used for outdoor banners.

CARAVAN:  Multiple exhibit shipments transported from one trade show to another trade show in a sufficient quality to create a truckload, or loads, that will be transported to destination without transfer.

CARNET:  A customs department permitting the holder to carry or send merchandise temporarily into certain foreign countries (for display, demonstration, or similar purposes) without paying duties or posting bonds.

CARPENTER:  Skilled craftsperson used in the uncrating, installation, dismantling, and recrating of exhibits and displays. Note: Individuals perform this type of labory with a variety of job titles throughout the world. Even in the US, titles vaery from city to city. Work that is done by a carpenter in one city may be done by a stagehand in another.

CARPET:  Floor covering for booth or aisle.

CARPET PIG:  A rectangular pallet with two long sides commonly used by contractors to move and load carpet.

CARPET TAPE:  Tape used to adhere edge of carpet to floor.

CARRIER:  Transportation company transporting freight (van line, common carrier, rail car, airplane.)

CEILING DECOR:  Suspended decorations to enhance the appearance of the hall.

CERTIFICATE OF INSURANCE:  A basic element of an effective risk management program. Serves as evidence of the financial capability of an indemnitor who has executed an agreement in favor or an organization. Most show organizers require a certificate of insurance from every exhibitor, just as most facilities require one from show organizers.

CERTIFICATE OF INSPECTION:  A document certifying that merchandise (such as perishable goods) was in good condition immediately prior to its shipment.

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN:  A document, required by certain foreign countries for tariff purposes, certifying as to the country of origin or specified goods.

CLAMP=ON FIXTURE:  Electrical fixture with c-clamp device for attaching to display.

CLASSIFICATION (Rating):  The freight class to which an article is assigned for the purpose of applying transportation charges. Exhibit material is typically rated as class 125.

CLEAN BILL OF LADING:  A receipt for goods issued by a carrier with an indication that the goods were received in apparent good order adn condition, without damages or other irregularities.

CLEANING SERVICES:  Janitorial service provided to exhibitors by a service contractor.

COAT TREE:  Hat or coat rack.

COD (Cash on Delivery):  Cash or check paid for goods at delivery, which may include the cost of shipping.

CO-LOCATE:  To hold two related shows at the same time and in the same place.

COLUMN:  A pillar in an exposition facility which supports the roof or other structures. Usually denoted on floor plan as a solid square.

COMMON CARRIER:  An individual, partnership, or corporation which transports persons goods for compensation. For exhibit materials, usually accepts only crated or cased goods and consolidates freight of more than one exhibitor into one shipment headed for a particular location.

COMPANY TRUCK:  An exhibitor's private vechicle for transporting exhibit material to and from a trade show.

CONCEALED LOSS OR DAMAGE:  Loss or damage to the contents of a package that is not apparent until opened.

CONSIGNEE:  Organization or person to whom goods are shipped.

CONSIGNMENT:  Delivery of merchandise from an exporter (the consignor) to an agent (the consignee) under agreement that the agent sells the merchandise for the account of the exporter. The consignor retains title to the goods until the consignee has sold them. The consignee sells teh goods for commission and remits the net proceeds to the consignor.

CONSIGNOR:  A person or company shown on a bill of lading as the shipper.

CONSOLIDATE:  Shipping freight to a central depot where several loads bound for the same destination are put together before being shipped to that destination.

CONSULAR DECLARATION:  A formal statement made to the consul of a country, describing goods to be shipped.

CONSULAR INVOICE:  A document required by some countries describing a shipment of goods and showing information such as the consignor, consignee, and value of shipment. Certified by a consular offical of the country, it is used by the country's customs official to verify the value, quantity, and nature of the shipment.

CONSUMER SHOW:  An exposition that is open to the public. Typically an admission fee is charged. Also known as a Public Show.

CONTRACTING:  A system in which all or part of the product or the work to be done is sublet to contractors.

CONVENTION:  A broad term that can refer to a large meeting, an exhibition, or a combination of the two.

CONVENTION CENTER:  An exposition facility that is also referred to as Facility or Hall and may be purpose-built, converted municipally or privately owned.

CONVENTION SERVICE MANAGER:  Hotel employee responsible for convention requirements.

CONVENTION & VISITORS BUREAU:  An organization that promotes a city's facility and attractions to tourists and business travelers, and helps show managers and meeting planners with event preparation.

COPY PANEL:  Item or area for graphic communication.

CORNER BOOTH:  An exhibit space with exposure on at least two aisles. Some shows charge premiums for these corners.

CORPORATE EXHIBIT:  An institutional exhibit telling the story of the company without intentionally marketing product or service.

CORPORATE SHOW:  A show produced by a corporation that is not a show management company. Exhibits are limited to products and services of that corporatioin or its marketing partners; no competitors participate.

COUNTER:  A working cabinet for display, demonstration, or registration.

COUNTER HEIGHT TABLE:  Table raised to counter height; 42 inches.

CRAFTSPERSON:  An individual who provides actual services on the show floor; usually a unionized worker. Also knowns as Laborer.

CRAFT UNION:  A labor organization, the membership in which is restricted to individuals possessing or working at a specific skill or trade, such as die making, carpentry, or plumbing.

CRATE:  Container used for shipping displays; usually made of wood.

CRATING LIST:  Names the contents ofwhat is enclosed inside a crate, i.e., exhibit pieces, carpet, ect.

CROSS-BAR:  Rod used in draping or as a support brace.

CUSTOM BROKER:  Person or company which provides customs-clearing services to shippers of goods to and from another country.

CUSTOM CARPET:  Upgraded carpet with special colors provided by the official contractor.

CUSTOM EXHIBIT:  An exhibit which is a unique solution to the specific requirements of the user.

CUSTOM HOUSE:  An individual or firm licenced to enter and clear goods through customs.

CUSTOMS:  The governmental authorities designated to collect duties levied by a country on imports and exports. The term also applies to the procedures involved in such collection.

CUT & LAY:  Installation of carpet other than the normal booth or aisle size, generally at an increased cost. Any other size than a 9'x10' standard carpet.

CUT RATE:  Cost per "hundred weight."

CWT:  An abbreviation for Per Hundred Weight.

DARK DAY:  A day on which a facility or hall has no events booked.

DATE PROTECTION:  A guarantee that the dates a show organizer has selected for an event in a specific facility are reserved for that organizer.

DECORATING:  Dressing up a facility or exhibit with carpet, draping, plants, ect.

DECORATOR:  Craftsperson used to install drape, fabric, signs, ect. Has also become a common term for general service contractor.

DECLARED VALUE:  Shipper's stated value of entire shipment in terms of dollars.

DEFERRED AIRFREIGHT:  Long haul airfreight that waits available carpet space (usually 1 to 2 days) at a reduced rate.

DELIVERY:  The act of transferring possession, such as the transfer of property from shipper to carrier, one carrier to another carrier to consignee.

DEMONSTRATORS:  Persons hired to illustrate or explain products.

DESIGN:  Graphic and pictorial representation of an idea.

DESTINATION:  The place to which a shipment is consigned.

DETENTION:  A charge made for a vehicle held and detained by or for shipper or consignee for going beyond the allowed time for loading or unloading.

DIRECTIONAL SIGNS:  Signs directing attendees to exhibits, meetings, or special areas.

DISPATCHER:  Person responsible for scheduling and routing freight, labor, ect.

DISPLAY BUILDER:  Company which fabricates displays.

DISPLAY CASE:  Showcase for displaying product.

DISPLAY HOUSE:  A company that manufactures trade show exhibits. Additional services may also include warehouse and shipping exhibits for exhibitors.

DISPLAY RULES & REGULATIONS:  A set of specifications for exhibit construction endorsed by all major exhibit industry associations. Also refers to the individual additional rules that may be adopted by show management.

DISPUTE:  A conflict or difference of opinion between an employer and a union or between an employer and employees over some phase of their relationship. Usually refers to a serious controversy that threatens or causes a work stoppage or that is submitted to an arbitrator or government agency for settlement.

DISTRIBUTOR SHOW:  A show produced by a distributor at which exhibitors are the manufacturers of products sold by the distributor and attendees are the distributor's customers.

DIVIDER:  Partition between exhibitors, usually 3' drape.

DOCK:  A place where freight is loaded onto, and taken from, vessels, or vehicles.

DOCK MARSHALL:  An employee of the convention center who is responsible for all activity at the loading/unloading dock before, during, and after a trade show.

DOCK RECEIPT:  A receipt issued by an ocean carrier to acknowledge receipt of a shipment at the carrier's dock or warehouse facilities. (See warehouse receipt.)

DOLLY:  Any of several kinds of low, flat, wheeled frames for transporting heavy objects around a warehouse or show site floor. Also refers to the unit used to adjoin two semi-trailers to create a set of trailers.

DOT (Department of Transportation):  A federal agency that regulates the highway transportation of freight.

DOUBLE BOTTOM:  A combination of two semi-trailers pulled by a tractor.

DOUBLE-DECKER:  Two-storied exhibit. Also called multiple story exhibit.

DOUBLE-FACED PANEL:  Finished on both sides.

DOUBLE-FACED TAPE:  Tape used to adhere carpet to floor, signs, or panels.

DRAPING:  Decorating with drapes.

DRAYAGE:  Delivery of exhibit materials from the dock to an assigned exhibit space, removing empty crates, returning crates at the end of show for recrating, and delivering materials back to dock for carrier loading.

DRAYAGE CONTRACTOR:  Company responsible for the transfer of freight from point of arrival to exhibit space.

DRAYAGE FORM:  Form for exhibitor requesting handling of materials.

DRAYER:  Offical show handler designated to move exhibits from truck dock to booth space. Usually handled by general service contractor.

DRESSING THE EXHIBIT:  Placing graphics, plants, literature, and applying any finishing touches to the display.

DUMP:  Teh contractor's on-site area where empty crates are stored during exposition. Also known as Bone yard.

DUPLEX OUTLET:  Double electrical outlet.

EASEL:  Three or four-legged stand with a rack used to hold cork board, magnetic board, posters, signs, ect.

ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR:  Company contracted by show management to provide electrical services to exhibitors.

ELECTRICIANS:  Skilled craftsman handling installation of all electrical equipment. May include headers and signs, depending on jurisdiction.

ELEVATED TABLE:  Table raised to counter height.

EMPLOYERS' ASSOCIATION:  Organization of employers who band together mainly to deal with labor unions or a unified group.

EMPTIES:  Empty crates or containers.

ESR:  An abbreviation for Exhibitor Service Representative. Communicates with customers via telephone, or on a one-to-one basis in clarifying needs and resolving problems.

EST. WT.:  An abbreviation for Estimated Weight.

EXCLUSIVE:  Any agreement which limits who may provide services to an exposition or in a facility. A general service contractor, for instance, may have an ""exclusive" in a particluar facility, meaning that no other contractor is allowed to work in that building.

EXCLUSIVE USE OF TRAILER:  A request made by a shipper, on the bill of lading, for the complete use of a trailer.

EXHIBITOR-APPOINTED CONTRACTOR (EAC):  Any company other than the designated show contractor providing a service to an exhibitor. Can refer to an I & D house, photographer, florist or any other type of contractor.

EXHIBIT:  Although the terms "exhibit" and "booth" are often used interchangeable, an "exhibit" is actually all of the display materials and product housed in a booth.

EXHIBIT DESIGNER/PRODUCER:  Company responsible for designing and constructing exhibits.

EXHIBIT DIRECTORY:  Program book for attendees listing exhibitors and booth locations.

EXHIBIT HALL:  Area in a hotel or hall where show is located.

EXHIBIT HOUSE:  The exhibit builder or the company who rents the exhibit or the exhibitor.

EXHIBIT MANAGER:  Person in charge of an individual exhibit (as opposed to the show manager, who is in charge of the entire exposition.)

EXHIBIT PROSPECTUS:  Promotional materials to prospective exhibitors to encourage participation in an exhibiton.

EXHIBITION:  Even at which products and services are displayed.

EXHIBITOR:  Person, company, organization, or group displaying exhibits at trade shows or conventions to promote products and/or services.

EXHIBITOR ADVISORY COMMITTEE:  Representative of a show's exhibiting companies who act as advisers to show management on rules and procedures, and also update show management on industry trends and issues.

EXHIBITOR KIT:  Manual containing general show information including labor/service order forms, electrical service information, move-in and move-out dates, force freight cut-off time, freight handling charges, show rules and regulations, and other information pertinent to an exhibitor's participation in an exposition. Also contains information regarding recommended carriers for the respective trade show.

EXHIBITOR LOUNGE:  An area either on or adjacent to the exhibit floor where exhibitors may relax or meet with customers. Show management sometimes provides special services in this area, such as translators for a show that has international attendees.

EXHIBITOR NEWSLETTER:  A newsletter sent by show management to exhibitors prior to a show. It includes updates on deadlines, show rules and regulations, events, and marketing opportunities offered by show management, plus educational articles to improve exhibitors' effectiveness.

EXHIBITOR RETENTION:  Persuading current exhibitors to participate in subsequent events. Exhibitor retention rate is the percentage of exhibitors that renew.

EXPEDITED SERVICE:  Service offered by a transportation company to assure prompt delivery.

EXPORT:  To send or transport goods out of one country for sale in another country. The exporter is usually the seller or the seller's agent.

EXPORT BROKER:  An individual or firm that brings together buyers and sellers for a fee, but does not take part in the actual sales transaction.

EXPORT LICENSE:  A government document which permits the licence to engage in the export of designated goods to certain destinations.

EXPORT MANAGEMENT COMPANY:  A private firm that serves as teh export department for several manufactures, soliciting and transacting export business on behalf of its clients in return for a commission, salary, or retainer plus commission.

EXPORT MERCHANT:  A company that buys products directly from manufacturers, then packages and marks the merchandise for resale under its own name.

EXPOSITION MANAGER:  Person responsible for all aspects of planning, promoting and producing an exposition. Also known as Show Manager, Show Organizer, and Show Producer.

EXPORT TRADING COMPANY:  A firm that purchases internation goods for resale in its own local market.

FABRICATION:  The building or construction of an exhibit.

FACILITY:  An exposition facility that is also referred to as Convention Center or Hall and may be purpose-built, converted municipally or privately owned.

FACILITY MANAGER:  The manager or a convention center or hall.

FASCIA:  Panel at the top of an exhibit, usually bearing the company name. Also referred to as a header.

FHC:  Notation on floor plans indicating location of fire hose cabinets.

FIRE EXIT:  Door designed for emergency egress, which must be kept clear of obsturctions.

FIRE MARSHALL:  Civic or building offical responsible for enforcing fire prevention regulations.

FIRE RETARDANT:  Term used to describe a finish (usually liquid) which coats materials with a fire resistant cover. This does not render the material fire-proof.

FLAME PROOFED:  Term used to describe material which is, or had been treated to be fire retardant.

FLATBED:  Open sided trailer used to transport large equipment.

FLOATER:  Worker used by foreman to help assigned labor for short periods.

FLOOR LAOD:  Maximum weight per square foot a floor can support. (May also refer to the maximum amount of power available from floor outlets adn ports.)

FLOOR MANAGER:  Person retained by show management to supervise the installation, dismantling and operation of the exhibit area.

FLOOR MARKING:  Method of marking booth space.

FLOOR ORDER:  Order for labor or services placed on site.

FLOOR PLAN:  A map showing the layout of exhibit space.

FLOOR PORT:  Utility box, recessed in the floor, containing electrical, telephone, and/or plumbing connections.

FOAM CORE:  Corrugated material sandwiching rigid foam used often for show signage.

FORCE FREIGHT:  Exhibit shipment that is routed via the trade show house carrier if the exhibitor's designated carrier does not picup the shipment before the force freight cut-off time.

FORCE NOTATION:  A notation made on the original bill of lading indicating the force freight and its time and date.

FORLIFT, FORK TRUCK:  Vehicle used to transport heavy exhibit materials short distances, and for loading and unloading materials.

FORMICA:  A trade term for a plastic laminate.

FOUL BILL OF LADING:  A receipt for goods issued by a carrier with an indication that the goods were damaged when received.

FOUR HOUR CALL:  Minimum work period for which union labor must be paid in special circumstances. (Generally, a minimum call is one hour.)

FREE FORM:  Self-supporting and independant display material.

FREE STANDING:  Self-supporting and independent display material.

FREE TIME:  The period allowed the owner to accept delivery before storage charges begin to accure

FREE TRADE ZONE:  A port designated by the government of a country for duty-free entry of any nonprohibited goods. Merchandise may be stored, displayed, used for manufacturing, ect., within the zone and reexported without duties being paid. Duties are imposed on the merchandise (or items manufactured from the merchandise) only when the godos pass from the zone into an area of the country subject to the Customs Authority. Also known as Foreign Trade Zone.

FREIGHT:  Exhibit properties, products, and other materials transported by a transportation copmany.

FREIGHT BILL:  Document for carrier shipment issued by the carrier based on the bill of lading and other information. Gives description of the freight, amount of charges, and whether prepaid or collect. Charges paid by the shipper are called prepaid freight bills. Charges collected at designation are called collect freight bills.

FREIGHT DESK:  At a show, handles inbound and outbound exhibit materials.

FREIGHT FORWARDERS:  A shipping company that typically handles international freight shipments.

FRONTAGE , FRONT SPACE:  Refers to dimension across the front of an exhibit (for example, a 30'x10' exhibit has 30' of front space and 10' depth.)

FULL BOOTH COVERAGE:  Carpet covering entire area of booth.

GANG BOX:  A box containing tools and supplies to repair an exhibit or product in case of trouble.

GARMENT RACK:  Frame which holds apparel.

GENERAL SERVICE CONTRACTOR:  The copmany hired by the trade association or sponsoring organization or a trade show to handle the overall coordination, freight logistics, sub-contracting of ancillary services, and decoration of the exhibit hall.

GENERAL STRIKE:  A strike by the organized workers in all companies in a geographic area. Also, a strike by all the organized workers in one industry.

GLOSSY:  Common term for black and white photographs, reproduced on high gloss paper.

GOOD ONE SIDE:  Grade of plywood whose face side is free of blemishes.

GOOSE-NECK LIGHT:  Small (75 to 150 watt) spotlight with a flexible stem.

GRAPHICS:  Communicative elements such as color, copy, art, photographs, translites, ect. used to illustrate a booth theme or enhance decor.

GRIEVANCE:  An employee's or employer's dissatisfaction with some aspect of the employment relationship. May or may not be limited to dissatisfaction due to interpretation and application of the union contract.

GROMMET:  Rubber, metal, or plastic element for reinforcing holes in weaker materisl. Also used on banners.

GROSS SQUARE FEET:  Total space available in exhibit hall.

GROSS WEIGHT:  The full weight of a shipment, including goods and packaging.

GT:  Gross Ton

HIGH JACKER:  Equipment capable of lifting a person or persons to a given height. Also known as a Cherry picker or Boomlift.

CHERRY PICKER:  Equipment capable of lifting a person or persons to a given height. Also known as a High Jacker or Boomlift.

HALL:  A generic term for an exposition facility. May also refer to an individual area within a facility. For instance, one facility could have mulitple halls.

HAND TRUCK:  Small hand-propelled implement with two wheels and handles used for transporting small loads.

HARD CARD:  1) Work order for labor or services. 2) Drayage contractor's record of materials received or shipped.

HARD WIRE:  Any electrical connection other than receptacle to receptacle. Charged on a time plus material basis.

HARD WALL EXHIBIT:  Exhibit constructed to plywood or similar strata as opposed to exhibits formed by drapery only.

HEADER:  A sign or other structure across the top of an exhibit.

HEAVY HAULER:  Special trailers utilized to transport large, heavy equipment.

HEIGHT LIMITATION:  Rule set by manager to control height of exhibits.

HOLD HARMLESS CLAUSES:  A contract clause that eliminates the liability to one party in case of a claim.

HORIZONTAL SHOW:  A show displaying a wide range of products and services that are loosely related; for example, a computer show. Compare with vertical show.

HOSPITALITY SUITE/EVENT:  At a U.S. show, an area separate from the exhibit, in which refreshments are served and exhibitor personnel and visitors socialize. Most shows require hospitality events to be opened only after exhibit hours.

HOTEL SHOW:  An exposition held in the exhibit space of a hotel.

HOUSE CARRIER:  Carriers recommended and promoted by the service contractor to handle transportation services for exhibitors at a respective trade show. Also known as Preferred Carrier or Primary Carrier.

IAEM (INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF EXPOSITION MANAGERS):  Trade association for exposition producers.

I&D:  An abbreviation for Installation and Dismantling.

I&D Houses:  Companies that install and dismantle trade show exhibits.

ID SIGN:  Copmany name sign, usually with name, booth number, city, and state.

ICC:  An abbreviation for Interstate Commerce Commission.

IMPORT:  To bring internation goods into a country, in internation sales. The importer is usually the buyer or an intermediary who accepts and transmits goods to the buyer.

IMPORT LICENCE:  A document required and issued by some governments authorizing the importation of goods into their individual countries.

INCENTIVE RATE:  A lower-than-usual tariff rate assessed because a shipper or consignee offers a greater volume of freight. The incentive rate is assessed for that portion exceeding the normal volume of business.

INDEPENDENT SERVICE CONTRACTOR:  Any company (other than the designated "official" contractors listed in the exhibitor sevice manual) providing a service (display installation adn dismantling, models/demonstrators, florist, photographers, audiovisual, ect.) and needing access to an exhibit any time during installation, show dates, and/or dismantling.

INDEPENDENT SHOW MANAGEMENT COMPANY:  A for-profit show management company.

INDEPENDANT UNION:  Labor union not affiliated with organizations such as Congress of Industrial Organizations or the American Federation of Labor.

INDUSTRIAL SHOW:  Private show, sponsered by one company to introduce new products, ect.

INFRINGEMENT:  Use of floor space outside exclusive booth area.

INSERTS:  Interchangeable copy or art panels.

INSTALLATION:  Setting up exhibit material to presecribe set-up instructions and drawings.

INSTALLATION & DISMANTLING:  The set-up and tear down of exhibits. Also know as I&D.

INSTALLATION CONTRACTOR:  May be the "preferred" Installation Contractor (as designated by show management) or "independent" Installation Contractor (hired directly by exhibitor). Responsible for supervision and coordination of labor for installation and dismantling.

INTERACTIVE EXHIBITS:  Exhibits in which the visitor is involved with the exhibit in a proactive way.

INVENTORY:  Total amount of furniture and equipment available for show.

ISLAND BOOTH:  An exhibit booth that is exposed on all sides to the aisle.

ISLAND UNIT:  A display that may be viewed from four sides.

INLINE BOOTH:  Exhibit space with exhibit booths on either side or back. Also known as Inside Booth.

INSIDE BOOTH:  Exhibit space with exhibit booths on either side or back. Also known as Inline Booth.

JOINT AGREEMENT:  Union contract covering more than one employer and a union, more than one union and an employer, or a number of employers and a number of unions.

JONES PLUG:  THeatrical term for multi-prong electrical disconnect.

JOURNEYMAN:  Worker who has satisfactorily completed an apprenticeship in a skilled trade.

JUNCTION BOX:  A distribution point for electrical power.

JURISDICTION:  1) The jobs that may be performed by a specific labor union. 2) The locality where a contractual dispute is decided.

JURISDICTIONAL DISPUTE:  Conflict between unions concerning the right to control certain jobs in a particular trade or industry.

JURISDICTIONAL STRIKE:  Work stoppage as a result of a jurisdictional dispute.

KIOSK:  A small, freestanding structure, often inside a facility, where printed or electronic information is available.

LA:  Letter of Authority

LABOR:  Refers to contracted workers who perform services.

LABOR CALL:  (1) Method of securing union employees, (2) Time specified for labor to report, as in 8:00 a.m. call, (3) Minimum amount for which labor must be paid.

LABOR DESK:  Location in exhibit hall where exhibitors can order labor.

LABOR FORM:  Form used by exhibitors requesting labor at exhibition.

LABORER:  An indivudual who provides actual services on the show floor. Usually a unionized worker. Also known as Craftsperson.

LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS ACT OF 1947:  Federal law that, among other things, amend the National Labor Relations Act, regulates certain union activites and practices, permits damage suits against labor unions, and provides for the settlement of strikes threatening a national emergency. Also called the "Taft-Hartley Act".

LABOR POLICY:  The principles established by a company to govern its dealings with its employees.

LABOR POOL:  Number of persons available to the contractor.

LABOR RELATIONS:  Dealins between an employer and its employees or their representatives concerning matters of mutual interest.

L & D :  An abbreviation for Loss and Damage.

LAMINATED:  The bonding under pressure of two or more material to form a layer or sandwich of materials; i.e. plywood, Formica.

LANDSCAPE (HORIZONTAL):  Sign where width is larger than height.

LEAD RETRIEVAL:  A system for capturing and follow-up of leads generated at an exposition.

LEASE BOOTH (RENTAL BOOTH):  Complete booth package offered to exhibitors on a rental basis.

LIABILITY:  Legal issue of who is responsible for damage or injury.

LINEAR DISPLAY:  One that is set in a continuous line.

LINE SWITCH:  Electrical on/off switch used directly in wiring to control, by make or break, the flow of current.

LIT RACK:  Device used to hold literature or brochures.

LOADING DOCK:  Area of facility where freight is received.

LOCAL:  Organization of employees in one area or in one company or a group or companies chartered by and affiliated with a national or international union.

LOCK-UP:  Secure storage area which is either guarded or locked.

LOGO:  Symbol identifying an organization, companu, or event.

LOW VOLTAGE:  Term applied to currents of 24 volts or less. Must be transformed from normal 110 volt input. Useful in animation, lighted model, ect.

LTL:  An abbreviation for Less-than-Truckload. A quantity of freight less than required for the application of a truckload rate.

M.A. FORM:  Special form of invoice required for shipment to Canada.

MAKE-READY:  To mount and prepare artwork for shooting or reproduction.

MARSHALLING YARD:  A trailer yard or lot designated by the service contractor where all incoming and outgoing carriers report before and after pickups and deliveries at show site. The area functions as a trailer staging area throughout the duration of a trade show.

MASKING DRAPE:  Drape used to cover storage and other unsightly areas.

MATERIAL HANDLING:  Movement of materials inside the hall.

MEASUREMENT TON:  The measurement ton (also known as the cargo ton or freight ton) is a space measurement, usually 40 cubic feet or one cubic meter. The cargo is assessed a certain rate for every 40 cubic feet of space it occupies.

MEDIATION:  Third-party attempt to reconcile the differences between disputing parties by finding some middle ground on which the controversy may be voluntarily settled. Similar to conciliation, but a mediator does not take an active part in discussions as a condiliator does.

MEETING:  A gathering for business, educational, or social purposes. Associations often use the term to refer to a combination of educational sessions and exhibits.

MINIMUM CHARGE:  The lowest charge assessed to transport a shipment.

MOBILE:  Self-propelled equipment, i.e. cars.

MODULAR EXHIBIT:  Exhibit constructed with interchangeable components. Provides maximum flexibility in arrangement and size.

MOM-AND-POP EXHIBITOR:  A small, family-owned exhibitor.

MOVE-IN:  Date set for installation.

MOVE-OUT:  Date set for dismantling.

MULTI-CRAFT UNION :  Union which includes membership from more than one skilled craft group.

MULTIPURPOSE FACILITY:  (1) A facility that can be reconfigured for another use; for example, an areana that can be converted to an exhibit hall by retracting seats. (2) A building complex containing several different types of facilities, such as a convention center, areana, and theater.

MW:  Minimum Weight factor.

NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT:  Federal law that guarantees to employees in any industry or plant engaged in interstate commerce the right to self-organization, to bargin collectively, and to engage in concerted activities, and that created the National Labor Relations Board to administer the Act. Also known as "Wagner Act." The National Labor Relations Act or 1935 (Wagner Act) is amended by the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 (Taft-Harley) and as commended by the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1957 (Landrum-Griffin) provides machinery by which empolyee rights to self organization or desire not to be organized are enforced. The act covers the legal requirements which must be met by employers and labor organizations.

NATIONAL UNION:  Union having membership only within the United States.

NMFC:  An abbreviation for National Motor Freight Classification. A publication for motor carriers containing rules, descriptions, and ratings on all commodities moving in commerce.

NEGATIVE:  A reverse print of a plan or art work.

NET SQUARE FOOTAGE:  The amount of space occupied by only the exhibits in a facility-does not include aisles, registration area, lounges, ect.

NET WEIGHT:  Weight of goods alone without any packing, packaging, pallet, ect.

NON-PROFIT:  An organization whose members may not benefit from its net proceeds.

NORRIS-LAGUARDIA ACT:  Federal law that, among other things, limits issuance of injunctions in labor disputes and outlaws yellow-dog contracts.

NO-SHOW:  An exhibitor that does not show up to claim booth space or ordered services. Can also refer to pre-registered attendees.

NOT-FOR-PROFIT:  Non-profit.

OCEAN BILL OF LADING:  A bill of lading (B/L) indicating that the exporter consigns a shipment to an international carrier for transportation to a specified international market. Unlike an inland B/L, the ocean B/L as a collection document. If it is a "Straight B/L," the foreign buyer can obtain the shipment from the carrier by simply showing proof of identity. If a "Negotiable B/L" is used, the buyer must first pay for the goods, post a bond, or meet other conditions agreeable to the seller. (See air waybill, inland bill or lading, through bill of lading.

INLAND BILL OF LADING:  A bill of lading (B/L) used in transporting goods overland to the exporter's internation carrier. Although a through bill of lading can sometimes be used, it is usually necessary to prepare both an inland bill of lading and an ocean bill of lading for export shipments. (See air waybill, bill of lading, ocean bill of lading, through bill of lading.)

OFFICIA L CONTRACTORS:  Service organizations appointed by show management.

OIL CLOTH:  Material used for signs and banners.

ONE SHOT:  Exhibit or display fabricated for one use only.

ON-SITE:  Location of event or exhibit.

ON-SITE ORDER:  A labor or service order placed on-site.

OPEN INSURANCE POLICY:  A marine insurance policy that applied to all shipments made by an exporter over a period of time rather than to one shipment only.

OPEN SHOP:  Company in which union membership is not a condition of employment. Usually, a company which has no union at all.

OPEN UNION:  Union which maintains no prohibitive restrictions for membership. It may be a union which agrees to accept any qualified employee of the employer as a member of the union.

OS & D:  An abbreviation for Over, Short, and Damage, which is usually discovered at shipment destination/unloading.

OT LABOR:  Work performed on overtime billed at either time-and-one half or twice the published labor rates.

OUTSIDE EXHIBIT:  Booth located outdoors.

OUTSOURCE:  To subcontract a task or responsibility to a supplier.

OVERLAY:  A panel mounted to another surface.

OVERTIME:  Time worked by an employee outside, of, or in addition to, regular working time or beyond the legal maximum hours of work.

PACKAGE:  Can refer to a single-fee booth package offered by show management. Package might include, for instance, booth space, one electrical outlet, one table, two chairs nad one hour of labor.

PACKAGE PLAN:  Management providing furniture and/or services to exhibitors for a single fee.

PACKING CASE:  A container for exhibit components for one use. Usually with screwed or nailed lid. Also known as Shipping Case.

PACKING DRAWING:  A list showing the number and kinds of items being shipped, as well as other information needed for transportation purposes.

PADDED VAN SHIPMENT:  Freight shipped via van lines where material is pad-wrapped but not crated. (See Van shipment)

PALLET:  A platform with or without sides, on which a number of items may be loaded to facilitate handling by a forklift.

PASSES:  Means of access to an event without registering or paying a fee.

PEG BOARD:  Trade name for perforated headboard. Available with holes on various centers.

PENINSULA BOOTH:  An exhibit booth at the end of an aisle, with aisles on three sides.

PERCENTAGE:  A payment of percentage of total billings as a condition of getting a contract for exposition work.

PER DIEM:  A charge, based on a fixed daily rate, made by one company against another for use of its equipment.

PERIMETER BOOTH:  An exhibit booth located on an outside wall. Also knows as Back wall Booth.

PERMANENT EXHIBIT:  A product display held on a long-term basis, i.e., museum exhibit, office exhibit, ect.

PERMIT CARD:  Card granting temporary employment rights to a non-union member, issued by a union having a closed contract with an employer.

PILASTER:  Upright post used for supporting drape.

PILFERAGE:  Theft of materials on the show floor.

PIPE & DRAPE:  Pipe material with fabric draped from it to make up side rails and back wall of an exposition.

PLACE OF DELIVERY:  Location where a shipment leaves the care and custody of a carrier.

PLANTING:  Floral decor to enhance the appearance of an exposition.

PLATFORM:  Raised stage for speakers, entertainers, or products.

PLEXIGLAS:  A trade name for acrylic plastic material in common use. Material can be used for headers in Hargrove Modular Systems.

PORTABLE EX HIBIT:  Created display units which do not require forklifts to move. Lightweight.

PORTERS:  Perform sweeping, cleaning, and dusting at 2 hour intervals throughout the show.

BACK WALL BOOTH:  An exhibit that is against a building wall. Also known as a Perimeter Booth.

BOOMLIFT:  Equipment capable of lifting a person or persons to a given height. Also known as a High Jacker or Cherry Picker.

PORTRAIT (VERTICAL):  Sign with greater height than width.

POST:  Metal upright used to support drapes.

PREFAB:  Pre-built exhibit ready for installation.

PREFERRED CARRIER:  Carriers recommended and promoted by the service contractor to handle transportation services for exhibitors at a respective tradeshow. Also known as House Carrier or Primary Carrier.

PRELIMINARY SKETCHES:  Idea sketches preceding proposal.

PREMIUM PAY:  Extra pay over the regular wage rate for work performed outside or beyond the regular working hours, for work on Saturday, Sunday, or holidays, for night shift work, for hazardous, dirty, or unpleasant work, and for production in excess of established standards.

PRE-PAYMENT:  Method of collecting for goods or services before a show.

PRE-REGISTRATION:  Registration of attendees prior to arrival, primarily to relieve congestion at the show or event.

PRE-RIGGING:  Attachment of slings, shackles, lifting eyes, spreader bars, ect. at your plant for the lifting of the machine at show site.

PRESS KIT:  Materials, usually contained in a folder, in which news releases, announcements and other materials intended for the media are distributed.

PRESS RELEASE:  An article intended for use by the media about a company, product, service, or individual.

PRESS ROOM:  A room where members of the media may obtiain exhibitor press kits, conduct interviews, or relax. Larger press rooms contain typewriters, computers, phones, and fax machines for the use by the press in filing their stories.

PRIMARY CARRIER:  Carriers recommended and promoted by the service contractor to handle transportation services for exhibitors at a respective trade show. Also known as House Carrier or Preferred Carrier.

PRIORITY POINT SYSTEM:  System of assigning points to exhibiting companies to determine which firms will be allowed to select booth space first.

PRIVITIZATION:  Retaining a private company to handle a responsibility formerly handled by the city or state administration; for example, operating a convention center.

PRODUCER:  Exhibit: An individual or company which designs and/or builds exhibits. May also provide other services. Show: An individual or company that manages expositions.

PRO FORMA INVOICE:  An invoice provided by a supplier prior to the shipment of merchandise, informing the buyer of the kinds and quantities of goods to be sent, their value, and important specifications (weight, size, ect.)

PRO FORMA INVOICE:  An invoice provided by a supplier prior to the shipment of merchandise, informing the buyer of the kinds and quantities of goods to be sent, their value, and important specifications (weight, size, ect.)

PRO NUMBER:  A number issued to each shipment of freight by the carrier and used for tracking of the shipment to its destination and for any other reference to the shipment.

PROOF OF DELIVERY (POD):  The delivery receipt copy of a freight bill by receiver at time delivery.

PROPERTY PASS:  Release provided by the exhibitor for the removal of materials from the exhibit hall. (Forms available from show security.

PROPOSAL:  To put forth for consideration or acceptance.

PUBLIC SHOW:  An exposition that is open to the public. Typically, an admission fee is charged. Also known as a Consumer Show.

PURCHASING AGENT:  An agent who purchases goods in his or her own country on behalf of international importers such as government agencies and large private concerns.

PUP:  A short semi-trailer, approximately 28 feet in length, usually connected in tandem to another semi-trailer to create a twin trailer or a set of trailers.

PW:  Packed weight.

QUAD BOX:  Four electrical outlets enclosed n a metal box.

QUOTA:  The quantity of goods of a specific kind that a country will permit to be imported without restriction or imposition of additional duties.

QUOTATION:  An offer to sell goods at a stated price and under specific conditions.

RAIL:  A low divider between exhibits; usually a 3 foot high pipe and drape.

RANK & FILE:  The membership of a union other than officers adn officials.

RATE BASIS:  A formula of the specific factors or elements that contribute to making of a rate. A rate can be based on several factors (i.e. weight, classification, distance, measure, packaging, ect.)

REAR ILLUMINATED:  Technique of lighting color transparency or adlux from rear.

RECALL:  Requiring employee to return to work after he or she has left for the day (or night).

RECONSIGNMENT:  Changing the consignee or destination on a bill of alding while the shipment is still in transit.

REFURBISH:  To repair damage, renew surfaces and replace graphics as necessary to recondition an exhibit to extend its lifespan.

REGIONAL SHOW:  A show targeted to attendees from a specific geographical area that may be a stand-alone event or a regional version of a national show.

REGISTRATION:  The process of obtaining information from an event's participants, including name, company affiliation and address, plus any other information that show management chooses to request.

REGISTRATION AREA:  Designated area, usually outside the exhibit hall or meeting room, where registration takes place.

REINFORCED VINYL:  Covered cord, wall coverings or upholstery material. Vinyl laminated with fabric.

RELAY:  Electrical device used to interrupt or sustain flow of current. Commonly used in low voltage systems for programmed effects.

RELEASED VALUE:  Carriers' liability is limited to 30 cents per pound of weight of lost or damaged article.

RELEASE FORMS:  Form provided by show management to permit removal of goods from exhibition during show hours.

RENTAL BOOTH:  Complete exhibit offered to exhibitors on a rental basis.

RENTAL FURNITURE:  Furnishings offered by a contractor on a rental basis.

RETURN:  Common term applied to panel joined to background at 90-degree angle.

RFP:  An abbreviation for Request for Proposal. A request given to the contractor by the association or show management group to begin the bid process for a tradeshow which may includde freight requirements.

RIGGER:  Skilled craftsperson or laborer used in the handling and assembling of machinery, steel construction, and heavy materials.

RIGHT TO WORK STATE:  (1) A state where joining a union is not a condition of employment. (2) A state where exhibitors are allowed to set up their own exhibits without union labor.

RISER:  A platform for people or products.

ROUGH SKETCH:  Quick drawing giving indications of a proposed exhibit.

RVNX:  An abbreviation for Released Value Not Exceeding. Term used to limit the value of goods transported. The limitation refers to carrier liability when paying a claim for lost or damaged goods.

S-HOOK:  Type of hanging hardware in the shape of the letter "S" used as a hanger for plaques, banners, ect.

SATIN FINISH:  Smooth semi-gloss finish; usually a metal or lacquered surface.

SCAB:  Employee who continues to work in a company during a strike or who accepts employment at a company in which a strike is going on. Also, an employee who takes a job in a non-union shop or under non-union conditions when the union is trying to organize the industry.

SCALE MODEL:  Any model articulating all components of the original object, but in a smaller size.

SECOND-TIER:  A city where the space limitations of the convention center, the hotels or both, make the city more appropriate for smaller meetings and shows.

SECURITY CAGES:  Cages supplied to exhibitors to lock up materials.

SECURITY CONTRACTOR:  Company hired by exhibit or show management to keep individual exhibits and the entire show floor safe using guards, closed circuit TV, ect.

SELF-CONTAINED EXHIBIT/UNIT:  Type of exhibit where a crate/case is opened and becomes part of the exhibit.

SEMI-SKILLED LABOR:  Persons whose work is limited to a well-defined work routine; or work in which lapses of performance would not cause excessive damage to product or equipment.

SERVICE CONTRACTORS:  Company that provides services to management and exhibitors.

SERVICE DESK:  On-site location for ordering or reconfirming services provided by general service contractor and specialty contractors and where the contractor customer service personnel and transportation representatives are located.

SERVICE KIT:  (See exhibitor manual)

SERVICE PAVILION:  Location to order or reconfirm functions provided by the exposition management.

SET-UP:  The function of erecting the displays. Installation.

SET-UP DRAWING:  The plans from which the exhibit components are assembled.

SET-UP PERSONNEL:  Exhibit installers.

SHELL SCHEME:  A standard exhibit shell which is widely used throughout the world, except in the U.S.

SHIPMENT:  Freight tendered to a carrier by one consignor at one place at one time for delivery to one consignee at one place on one bill of lading.

SHIPPER:  Person or company who originates a shipment and is the consignor.

SHIPPING CASE:  A container for exhibit components for one use. Usually with screwed or nailed lid. Also known as Packing Case.

SHOW BREAK:  Time specified for the close of the exhibition and beginning of dismantling.

SHOW CARD:  Material used for show signs.

SHOWCASE:  General term for glazed or framed enclosure to display objects.

SHOW DECORATOR:  Craftsperson used to install drape, fabric, signs, ect. Has also become a common term for a general service contractor.

SHOW MANAGER:  Person who manages the overall functions, arrangements, and logistics for a tradeshow. Also known as Exposition Manager, Show Organizer, and Show Producer.

SHOW ORGANIZER:  Person responsible for all aspect of planning, promoting, and producing an exposition. Also known as Exposition Manager, Show Manager, and Show Producer.

SHOW PHOTOGRAPHER:  Official photographer for exhibition appointed by show organizer.

SHOW PRODUCER:  Person responsible for all aspect of planning, promoting, and producing an exposition. Also known as Exposition Manager, Show Manager, and Show Organizer.

SHOW OFFICE:  On-site show management office.

SHOW-WITHIN-A-SHOW:  A show with its own name and own focus that takes place within a larger, related event.

SHRINK WRAP:  Process of wrapping loose items on pallet with heat-sealed, transparent plastic wrapping.

SIDE RAIL:  A low divider between exhibits.

SIGN CLOTH:  Lightweight material, as opposed to canvas, used for banners, signs, and streamers.

SIGN HOLDER:  Stand for displaying signs.

SIGN STANDARD:  Frame or stand to display signs.

SILK SCREEN:  A printing platform or location for loading or unloading at a place.

SKID:  Wooden platform used to support machinery or a collection of objects for easier handling. Also thick wood blocks attached to crates which allow forklift access for easier handling.

SKIRTING:  Decorative covering around tables and risers.

SLIDER:  Telescopic pipe, used to support drapes.

SL&C:  An abbreviation for Shipper's Load adn Count.

SOFFET:  A lowered portion of a ceiling.

SPACE:  Exhibitor location in the hall.

SPACE RATE:  Cost per square foot or per square meter for exhibit space.

SPECIAL HANDLING:  Applies to display shipments requiring extra labor, equipment, or time in delivery to booth area.

SPECIALTY CONTRACTOR:  A supplier of a specific show service, such aas photography, rental of furniture or a/v equipment, or floral decoration.

SPLICE:  Twisting together of two or more electrical wires to provide continuous power.

SPONSORSHIP:  Payment of the cost of a service or activity at an event, in exchange for being publicized at the event.

SPOTLIGHT:  A lamp providing a controlled circle of light.

SPOTTING:  Placement or "dropping" of a trailer by a carrier for loading or unloading.

SPREADER:  A device used with a crane for special lifting of equipment.

STAGEHAND:  Union labor that handles spotlights, rigging, and scenery for theatrical productions. In some cities, they may also include decorating tasks, such as hanging draperies at convention facilities.

STAGING AREA:  (1) A preparation area, usually on premises, where suppliers review orders and organize items before deliverying them to exhibit booths. (2) An area adjacent to the dock where freight trucks wait until they may unload.

STACHIONS:  Upright posts used to support signage; also support ropes which prevent entry or direct traffic in, for instance, registraion area.

STAND:  European term for booth.

STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION (SIC):  A standard numerical code system used by the U.S. Governemtn to classify products and services.

ST LABOR:  Labor performed on straight time.

STOCK BILL:  A list of specified materials and sizes.

STOCK EXHIBITS:  A predesigned unit adapted to particular use by identification, color, graphics, and minor structural modifications.

STRIP LIGHT:  Fluorescent lighting wired in a line.

STUD:  Vertical structural wall support of wood or metal.

SUBCONTRACTOR:  Company retained by general contractor to provide services to exhibitors or show management.

SUPERVISION:  Fees charged by the offical contractor to supervise installation and dismantling labor for exhibits.

SYSTEM:  A stock set of components which can be put together to make an exhibit.

T & M:  An abbreviation for Time and Materials.

TABLE TOP DISPLAY:  Exhibit designed for use on top of a table.

TAFFETA:  Type of material used for skirting or special draping.

TARE WEIGHT:  The weight of a container and the materials used for packing.

TARGET LOAD:  Loading exhibit freight that is advanced received for a trade show by hall or specific floor location to facilitate unloading.

TARIFF:  A publication setting forth the changes, rates, and rules for transportation companies.

TEARDOWN:  The dismantling or disassembly of exhibits for removal from an exhibition hall following a tradeshow.

TEMPLATES:  Pattern or guide for various repetitive shop functions.

TERMINAL:  Freight handling or dock area.

THIRD PARTY VENDOR:  Any company (other than designated "official" contractor) providing a service (such as display installation & dismantling) employed by the exhibitor. See Independant Service Contractor.

THROUGH BILL OF LADING:  A single bill of lading (B/L) covering both the domestic and international carriage of an export shipment, a U/C air waybill, for instance, is essentially a through bill of lading used or air shipments. Ocean shipments, on the other hand, usually require two separate documents--an island bill of lading for domestic carriage and an ocean bill of lading for international carriage. Through bills of lading, therefore, cannot be used. (See air waybill, bill of lading, inland bill of lading, ocean bill of lading.)

TIE-OFF:  A method of securing a shipment by the use of nylon belts and block latches.

TIME & MATERIAL:  Method of charging for services on a cost-plus basis.

TL:  An abbreviation for Truckload.

TON:  Freight rates for liner cargo generally quoted on the basis of a certain rate per ton, depending on the nature of the commodity. This ton, however, may be a weight ton or a measurement ton.

TOW MOTOR:  See forklift.

TRACTOR-TRAILER:  Tractor is the driving unit of a large truck; trailer is the container unit.

TRADE ASSOCIATION:  An organization with members with a common interest that utilize Conventions and trade shows to promote products and/or services.

TRADE FAIR:  An international term for an exposition.

TRADE OUT:  A type of barter. For example, a show manager might perform a trade out with a publishing company, giving the publisher a free booth in exchange for free advertising.

TRADESHOW:  An exposition held for members of a common or related industry. Not open to the general public.

TRAFFIC FLOW:  The direction or path the audience will take through an exposition or exhibit.

TRAILER CAPACITY:  An amount of freight which can be carried in a truck or trailer, expressed in terms of weight and measurement.

TRAVELER:  A heavy duty traverse rod for drapery.

TROUBLE BOX:  A box containing tools and supplies to repair an exhibit or product. Also known as a gang box.

TRUCKLOAD:  Truckload rates apply where the tariff shows a truckload minimum weight. Charges will be at the truckload minimum weight unless weight is higher.

TSB (TRADE SHOW BUREAU):  A research and informational service organization for the exposition industry sponsored by a number of associations.

TURNBUCKLE:  Hardware installed between streched cable to adjust tension.

TURNTABLE:  Electronically or manually rotating platform.

TV MONITOR:  A type of screen used to show a video image.

TWIST LOCK:  Type of electrical plugs which are connected by twisting together as opposed to standard male and female plugs.

UNION:  Organization of workers formed for mutual protection and for purpose of dealing collectively with their employer on issues of wages, hours, working conditions and other matters pertaining to their employment.

UNION CONTRACT:  Written agreement between an employer and a union specifying the terms and conditions of employment for workers, the status of the union, and the procedure of settling disputes arising during the contract term. Also known as "collective agreement".

UNION JURISDICTION:  The group of employees which a union seeks to represent, or jobs which the union claims should be filed by its members. Also, the crafts covered by specific national or international unions.

UNION OFFICIAL:  Representatives of a union either selected or elected by the membership to conduct the affairs of the union.

UNION REFERRAL:  Method of hiring in which refers job applicants to the employer. Differs from central hiring hall in that there is no fixed location at which applicants gather.

UNION SHOP:  Established in which newly-hired employees are required, as a condition of employment, to join the union within a specified time after employment, and in which all employees must maintain good standing in the union as a condition of employment.

UNION STEWARD:  On-site union offical. The steward is elected by his or her co-workers to oversee that particular union's work in the facility. Stewards are responsible for resolving disputes over the union jurisdiction, handling grievances, and ensuring that the term specified in the union contract are complied with. Sometimes called "committeeman."

UPRIGHT:  The vertical post that supports the back wall and side rail drape. Also referredto as post, stanchion, tube, pipe steel or pilaster.

VALANCE:  An overhead, decorative boarder normally used as a light baffle.

VAN SHIPMENT:  Shipment of exhibit properties via van lines, often consisting of large pieces, crated or uncrated, such as furniture or exhibit materials.

VELCRO:  Brand name of the special tape used to adhere objects to a display. Has two parts; loop fabric. The two parts (male and female) adhere to one another, but may be separated, allowing graphics and other materials to be moved.

VELOUR:  A plush fabric like velvet, used for draperies, upholstry, ect.

VERTICAL SHOW:  A show displaying products and services aimed at a well-defined market; for example, computer products for engineering design and contruction. Compare horizontal show.

VERTICAL UNION:  Union with jurisdiction over all occupations, skilled and unskilled, in an entire industry.

VINYL:  Plastic material used for drapes or table tops.

VISQUEEN:  A type of clear plastic sheeting used to protect carpeting from the time it is laid to the time the show opens.

VOLUME:  Volume rates or classes are those for which a volume minimum weight (Vol. min. wt.) is provided; charges will be assessed at the volume minimum weight shown in the tariff, except that actual weight will apply when in excess of the volume minimum weight.

W & I :  An abbreviation for Weighing and Inspection.

WAGE PATTERN:  The wage structure of various jobs in a specific industry or area.

WAGE RAGE:  Rate of pay per period of time or per unit of production for an employee on a given job.

WAREHOUSE:  Building where goods are stored.

WAREHOUSE RECEIPT:  A receipt issued by a warehouse listing goods received for storage.

WASTE REMOVAL:  Removal of trash from building.

WAYBILL:  Description of goods sent with a common carrier freight shipment.

WHEELER:  An upright, manually propelled, two wheeled cart used to move objects such as boxes.

WING NUT:  Commonly used threaded nut with flanges for easy adjustment by hand. (Also called a Buffer fly Nut).

WIRE NUT:  Plastic thimble with recessed spring which closes spliced wires so that electrical contact is maintained.

WISHBONE LEG:  Fold-up leg on a display table.

WITHOUT RESERVE:  A term indicating that a shippers agent or representative is empowered to make a definite decisions and adjustments abroad without approval of the group or individual represented. (See advisory capacity.)

ADVISORY CAPACITY:  A term indicating that a shipper's agent or representative is not empowered to make definitive decisions or adjustments without approval of the group or individual represented.

WORKING DRAWING:  The detail plans from which an exhibit is constructed.

WORKING FOREMAN:  Employee who functions both as workman and a foreman at the same time. May be a workman part of the time and a foreman the rest of the time. May or may not be considered a supervisor under the Wage-Hour Law or the Labor Management Relations Act.

WORK RULES:  Regulations which govern union craftsperson's working conditions, include what work exhibitors may perform, when overtime begins, ect.

WORK TIME:  Paid time that begins as soon as the workers are turned over to the exhibitor. Stops when the exhibitor releases them.

YELLOW DOG CONTRACT:  Employment agreement, oral or written, providing that, as a condition of employment, an employee will not become or remain a union member. Illegal under the Norris-LaGuardia Act.

AV:  Audio/visual support such as television, monitors, radios, or taped music.

ACCESS PANEL:  Removable panel or section of an exhibit which permits access to lamps, projector mechanisms, etc.

ADVANCED ORDER:  Goods and/or services ordered prior to the published deadline date.

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